As the Eve of Revolution Neared, to What Extent Had the...

The span of years from 1750 to 1776 were some of the most important years in American history. Up until the eve of the revolution, the British were still very involved in American lifestyle and there was no unity among the colonies. However, as the eve of revolution neared and harsh acts, salutary neglect, and lack of representation was implied on the colonies by their mother country England, America built a great sense of unity and a sense of identity as a country. The American colonies were very troubled by England before unifying and battling for their freedom. Examples of this were the many acts enforced upon the colonists. The Stamp act, introduced by British prime minister George Grenville in 1765, was established as a means of†¦show more content†¦This meeting shows cooperation throughout the colonies. When Benjamin Franklins Plan of Union(Doc A.) was refused by colonial legislatures, it showed that Americans could support and represent themselves and did not need re presentation in British parliament. An example of this is shown in Edmund Burkes Notes for Speech in Parliament which said Govern America as you govern and English town which happens not to be represented in Parliament? They did not feel that they should be governed by a power that did not care for the best of their daughter country. When one colony fell of struggled, the others were there to pick them back up. This is shown in the Contributors of Donations for the relief of Boston. Several colonies donated things such as hundreds of bushels of Indian corn and rye from Connecticut, hundreds of sheep from Massachusetts, Cash and articles of provision from New Jersey, Sloop with provisions and more money from North Carolina, and a shipload of rice from South Carolina. This shows the support and unity America began to develop as a whole. The colonists were no longer English colonists. Hector St. Crevecouer, in his Letters from an American Farmer, states What then is the American, this new man? He is neither an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son

What Does Transgender Mean Essay - 1452 Words

Considering the rise in different branches of civil rights, we see a neo wave of citizens wanting a fix to the social injustices within our country. Specifically for the LGBTQ movement, we see an increase of people being active and supportive to combat a patriarchal and gender binary society. For example, the recent yet, prevalent argument about same sex marriage. In addition to many people who died, were publicly humiliated, physically and or sexually abused because of their sexual preferences or gender identity. As for transgendered people, they are often ridiculed and are victims of offensive behavior by people who feel that they are entitled to know about that person’s life. Even when the subject knows they are being offensive and that the other feels uncomfortable, they submerge themselves into their personal space anyway. In order to avoid this ignorance, we must research and educate ourselves about these issues. What does transgender mean essentially? Transgender is a person who feels that the gender they were born with, is not the one that they identify themselves with. Despite contrary belief, they are real authentic people and deserve treatment as such. We need to respect them as individuals, respect everyone s right to privacy, and encourage them to fall in love with themselves holistically. How did the word transgender become existent in society? Well, our society is not only patriarchal but it supports a gender binary system. For example, the term ladies andShow MoreRelatedWhy Suicide Is An Epidemic Of The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesStates; especially when 41% of transgender individuals have attempted suicide compared 1.6% of the general population (Gay Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation). Due to this, the question of whether or not transgender youth have a harder, more straining adolescence than their cisgender counterparts rises. Although adolescence can be hard on everyone, experiences such as a school environment, puberty, laws that guarantee protection, family and social acceptance of transgender youth are harder than thoseRead MoreThe World Of Athletics Has Been Built Around A Binary View1634 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting stuck in the middle. There is a growing social acceptance of transgender and intersex individuals in society, however, when it co mes to sport these individuals are often left isolated on an island of controversy. The majority of this controversy surrounds the debate of whether or not transgender and intersex females should be allowed to compete in women’s sports. Society does not have a problem with the integration of transgender and intersex athletes in male sports because, due to biologicalRead MoreComparing Intersex And Transgender Females Deserve A Place Of Belonging1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntersex and transgender females deserve a place of belonging in the world of sport. Society’s need to categorize humans makes it difficult for minorities to find a sense of belonging. Humans are easily given labels by society - as gay, straight, black, asian, female, male etc. This system works for the majority of people, and those who fit in do not see a necessity to change these constructs. As Judith Butler argues in her essay Undoing Gender we must remake the definition of human by deconstructingRea d MoreTransgender1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Transgender/Transsexual Olivia Warehime Tarleton State University ABSTRACT A transgender is someone that believes that their gender does not match their anatomy that they were born with. Transgender believes that they’re in someone else’s body. For example someone that was born a male believes he’s a female and vice versa. Keyword: heterosexism, LGBT, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Prevention Why are people transgender? ACN, S. (2011, February 27). Health experts believe that beingRead MoreWhat Are Y All Hoping For?1585 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"What are y’all hoping for?† inquires a woman of her newly pregnant friend. â€Å"Oh,† replies the expecting mother, â€Å"we don’t care, we will love our child no matter what gender they are!† The child is born in a celebration of pink and leads a fairly normal life for the first few years, but now the toddler is in school and realizes that it is more enjoyable to play sports and have short hair. The tomboy reaches middle school and begins the horrific changes of puberty, praying in vain every night toRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : I Am Cait1171 Words   |  5 Pagestransition as a transgender woman. The Vanity Fair issue also included an interview style article, as well as other insight into Jenner’s life as Caitlyn. Many people reacted in a positive way congratulating the courage it took to come out in such a public way, while others instantly began to criticize Jenner and her motives. Caitlyn created a conversation about the transgender community that she was joining, a community that has been suffering with a lack of voice when it comes to transgender rights andRead MoreGender, Sexual Orientation And Education1746 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination. In this spec trum, transgender individuals are perceived as people that are most damaging than lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people. Transgendered people are routinely targeted and harassed and discriminated, this is an everyday experience and they are universally unprotected under existing laws. This discrimination impacts individual transgendered people and their families that face tremendous social and financial cost, because so many transgender individuals are excluded from employmentRead MoreMasculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesdebated in society quite often. Many wonder what is means to be masculine and if there can truly be one definition to a term that can vary so widely. Traditional masculinity has certain characteristics assigned to it such as strength, power, control, to be tough, and show no emotion, etc. These traits and thus masculinity have been traditionally assigned to the male body as â€Å"the male body is the most common purveyor of mas culinity, but that does not mean that masculinity is entirely contained withinRead MoreTransgender Laws in America Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pageswhether by law or by a person’s opinion. Although there are rights that are law, it does not mean the people would obey the laws accordingly. Discrimination and harassment against transgender and people of a different sexuality is common among people under the age of 25. Studies shows that about 49 percent of transgender people under the age of 25 have attempted suicide because they were harassed (Ford). Transgender people are allowed the same basic rights as other citizens, but they are often discriminatedRead MoreTransgender Women Of Color : An Epidemic Of Fatal Violence Against Transgender And Gender945 Words   |  4 Pagesfatal violence against transgender and gender non-confirming women, specifically transgender women of color in the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The topic of transgender women of color becoming countless victi ms in our country is a travesty. Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in general are at high risk for violent acts to befall them. The information that follows will be specifically focusing on transgender women of color in the United States. This topic of transgender rights is personal for

Managing Diversity and Equal Oppurtunity

Question: Describe about the Managing Diversity And Equal Oppurtunity? Answer: In todays world Harassment and Bullying have become a regular issue in almost all institutions and organizations. It is a regular issue that is observed in our daily society today. Hundreds of people are to be the victim of harassment and bullying at their workplace today. Harassment and Bullying is reported to be an offence which has become a part of our daily life today. Harassment includes a wide range of offensive behaviour within its scope. It basically means disturbing a person without any reason with the intention of hurting or making that person upset. Such a disturbance is repetitive in nature (DICKINSON, 2012). It is a continuing process to make a person affected emotionally or mentally. In legal sense, it is a type of behaviour which can be said to have constituted threatening or disturbing. Harassment is generally of various types. It can be either of psychological harassment or religious harassment or sexual or racial harassment etc. On the other hand Bullying can be defined as the application of force or coercion or intimidation on some other person. It has to be remembered that such behaviour is repetitive in nature. Bullying can vary from being simple to complex where we can find wingman present therein to help the primary person is his bullying activities (Bussmann, Panz and Schweighofer, n.d.). Recent report shows that a lot of bullying and harassment takes place in educational institutions and workplaces. According to the Equality Act 2000, an undesired action related to the pertinent fortified character which generally aims at violating an individuals personal dignity and frightening or making a situation hostile or degrading so humiliating for that individual. Harassment and bullying consist of various activities which may include either direct bullying or indirect bullying. Direct Bullying includes activities like pinching appreciation of an individual, exhibiting unofficial or offensive pictures, unroll rumors about an individual or cracking jokes or prank on a person etc (Cousins, 2012). Indirect Bullying or harassment may include the action like making a person work overtime even if not necessary, creating abstract situations for work, marginalizing or biasing or isolating a person etc. According to the law in force, an employer is responsible for any such act of harassment or bullying that takes place in his workplace or with his employees unless it is seen that reasonable measures were taken by the employer. Such a connection has been developed in accordance to the Law of Tort which states that the employer has a vicarious liability towards his employees. Both Bullying and Harassment are considered to be criminal offence in the eyes of law. Anti-bullying laws have been framed to fight with Bullying and Harassment. Harassment and Bullying at workplace are governed by the Fair Work Act 2009, from Sections 789FA-789FI. In order to curb out harassment and bullying from an organization, it is the duty of the employers and the management to jointly work on it (Elias, 2013). Manager in Human Resource is generally responsible for governing the environment of work in an organization. Executive Summary: An organizational Culture means the way in which the employees as well as the employers relate to each other and there way of treating each other in comparison to other organizations. It is the shared values, assumptions, ideas which regulate the behaviour of the people in an organization. An organizations culture has a great impact on the working environment. If we critically analyze this point, we would see that a company is known by the work culture it maintains (Kummerow and Kirby, 2014). While employing a person into the company, good knowledge of that persons background should be taken into knowledge. The accurate knowledge of an employee is required because by employing a wrong person into the company, the entire reputation of the company can be at stake. Again at the same time, if we separately analyze, an individuals behaviour within the company is also very much important to maintain a healthy environment. If a single individuals behaviour is hurting other employees, then a utomatically it will affect the environment at large and will not be restricted within two or three person (Kummerow, Kirby and Ying, n.d.). For example: If an individual in a company sexually tries to abuse a female employee of that company, if such an issue is brought before the company, then it would spread like fire and if media comes to know about the fact, the reputation of the company would be at stake for one person default. In the same way if the working structure of the company is not strategically framed like if more than required power is giving in one persons hand, then there would be chances to misuse his power and centralization of power would amount to exploitation among other employees. This centralization of power creates grievances in other employees mind and as such in that manner harassment and bullying policies is adopted by the employees to break the centralization policies of the company. Introduction: To run any organization basic few things are required to be taken into consideration for creating anti-harassment policies. Today developed countries have taken up different policies to stop harassment at workplaces and new laws are being framed by the legislation in that regards (Heyser, 2010). Yet third world countries have still not recognized this as a major issue and hence are not working on it (Lester, 2013). Before framing in an anti-harassment policy conditions like work process, human resource development, inter-relationship between employers and employees are different points needed to be given a look. An anti-harassment policy should consist of management training event, awareness event for staffs, regular mental health checkup for employees, formation of a committee with selective people significant in handling sensitive issues like harassment and bullying etc. Appropriate strategy to combat bullying: Bullying generally takes place behind closed doors where there are no witnesses to testify the bully and there is no evidence available against the individual who is guilty (Einarsen, 2003). In order to deal with bullying at work, the following comprehensive strategies can be taken: Firstly, a thorough evaluation of the nature of bullying should be done in such a way that the individual who is being bullied regains his control over himself/herself; It is very essential to understand that if I am being bullied at, then, it is not me who is at fault. Rather the one doing the act is guilty and hence the shame and anger should be his and not mine.; Secondly, a proper action plan should be framed so that the one who is being the bully can be trapped in his own acts (Nunn, 2010). Reports and journals should be accessed regularly which notify people of the bullying acts across the globe; Thirdly, a proper action should be taken to combat the problem. One needs to remember that bullying is nothing but an obsessive impulse of an individual which often takes the shape of a recurring behavior in order to disturb the mental peace of another individual. Role of HRM in combating Bullying: In most of the instances, it is seen that the Human Resource Managers are reluctant to solve the issues of workplace bullying (Piehl, 2009). This results in the target employees from turning down and losing their jobs as well as their rights in the matter. The Human Resources Managers should address workplace bullying in the following ways: They should create a zero tolerance policy; There should be proper implementations of procedures that would investigate and address the issues of workplace bullying; They should try to arrange for training sessions that will train the employees on combating bullying; They are also supposed to call upon the bullies and make them accountable for their acts; The employees who are being bullied should be heard by them and they should be given mental and emotional support; The basic requirement on their part is to remain empathetic and listen to the issues with concern; Being associated with the Human Resources, they should try to remain as leading examples; They are supposed to constantly work in such a way that they succeed in creating a bully free organization; Finally, they are also bestowed with the responsibility of raising awareness about the matters related to workplace bullying through newsletters, blogs and other such anti bullying events. Legal framework of Bullying: In dealing with the matters of bullying, generally, two different hurdles are faced by any organization (Einarsen, 2011). Firstly, it is required that the victim needs to prove that peer-to-peer harassment claims are properly established. Secondly, it is required that the victim has to clear the immunities which are there in the hands of the public agencies and the officials who work in the official capacity. The different jurisdictions across the globe have different guidelines to address the issue of bullying. We shall rely on the discussion of the points of Natural Justice. Under the principles of natural justice, harassing an individual and disturbing him in his workplace is totally against the law. One generally has a right to be protected at his/her workplace, has the right to be heard in case he is being harassed, and has the right to have confidentiality when his case is being adjudicated or looked at (Minton, 2014). These principles can never be swayed from and one must rely on these requirements irrespective of age, sex or race. It is the responsibility of the Human Resource Managers to see that these requirements are met by in the organization under question. Recommendations to stop Bullying: A comprehensive three step bully rehab plan can be taken to curb this problem at the earliest. This is being given as follows: Identify the bully and find out a solution: this way one can find out what exactly the bully wants and why is he doing certain acts. Once this is identified, a person will be able to find out if the bully is doing the things intentionally or if he is doing it just by chance (NIELSEN, 2012). Remedial steps like talking to the bully and coming across a viable solution for him can be an alternative of punishing the bully and giving him options to mend his ways. Putting an end on the enabling system: in this step, questions can be asked to the bully as to what he likes which will give an answer of their desired outcome while they be a bully. Further questions like how they feel when they are bullied will give answers like what is their stake on this issue. Gathering proof and showing what are the requirements and advantages of not bullying someone are helpful as one can understand the psychological backdrop of the bully and the happiness he gets upon bullying someone (Raum, 2008). Setting up a healthy system with boundaries: this step generally relates to the process of conflict resolution. In this step, one needs to explain why we are entering into the meeting process and what will be the outcome of the meeting once decided upon. Further, the observable data needs to be stated here where description of specific behaviors that qualify as bullying shall be discussed. The impact of these bullies should be properly discussed with the individuals and their ill effects should be discussed (Sanders, 1996). The problem needs to be checked and an acknowledgement of the same should be given. One can also plan a strategy where the bullies will be put up in a committee that tries to stop bullying. Thus shall be a reverse treatment for them and this will give a wider platform to address the issue. Lastly, measures can be taken to build up smaller agreements with the bullies and they can be lured towards not bullying by giving then incentive schemes or such other technique s. Conclusion: Today the world is moving too fast and with the world. Developments are taking place in all parts of the world. In order to ensure this developments to be effective for people, proper secured and safe environment should also be ensured. Only a healthy atmosphere can provide a person more self confidence to work. New policies and new grants in the anti-harassment and bullying matters are giving people more confidence to work and make their career and the world a better place to live in. References Bussmann, U., Panz, R. and Schweighofer, S. (n.d.).Organisational cultures. Cousins, S. (2012). A semiotic approach to mind and culture.Culture Psychology, 18(2), pp.149-166. DICKINSON, F. (2012). Fighting Culture with Culture.Diplomatic History, 36(4), pp.773-775. Elias, S. (2013).Deviant and criminal behavior in the workplace. New York: New York University Press. Heyser, M. (2010).Litigating the workplace harassment case. Chicago, Ill.: Tort Trial Insurance Practice Section, ABA. Kummerow, E. and Kirby, N. (2014).Organisational culture. New Jersey [u.a.]: World Scientific. Kummerow, E., Kirby, N. and Ying, L. (n.d.).Organisational culture. Lester, J. (2013).Workplace bullying in higher education. New York, NY: Routledge. Einarsen, S. (2003).Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. London: Taylor Francis. Einarsen, S. (2011).Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Minton, S. (2014). Prejudice and effective anti-bullying intervention: Evidence from the bullying of minorities.Nordic Psychology, 66(2), pp.108-120. NIELSEN, M. (2012). Bullying in work groups: The impact of leadership.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), pp.127-136. Nunn, K. (2010). Bullying.Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 46(4), pp.140-141. Piehl, N. (2009).Bullying. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Raum, E. (2008).Bullying. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library. Sanders, P. (1996).Bullying. Brookfield, Conn.: Copper Beech Books.

Wuthering Heights (530 words) Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights (530 words) Essay Wuthering HeightsSet in England on the Yorkshire Moors in the 19th century, Emily Bront?s novel Wuthering Heights is the story of lovers who try to withstand the separation of social classes and keep their love alive. The main characters, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff grew up on a middle class English countryside cottage called Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff was the servant and Catherine the daughter of the owner of Wuthering Heights. As children, Heathcliff and Catherine were the best of friends, a friendship which turned to love with the coming of age. Catherine married a man of the upper class society and was forced to end her love affair with Heathcliff. Catherine was happy in her marriage at first but later became overwhelmed with her desire to be with Heathcliff. She was forced to distinguish the difference between her love for Heathcliff and her love for her new life with money. We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights (530 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the end, Catherine Earnshaw?s husband, Edgar Linton, died and Catherine finally realized that money and social class were not as fulfilling as her desire to have passion in her life, a desire which could only be met by Heathcliff. Throughout the book, Catherine tried to discover who she was and what exactly she wanted. In chapters 6 and 7, Catherine thought that she had finally discovered who she was and what she wanted. These chapters are the pinnacle of the story. It was the point in the book where the social classes were determined and Catherine?s love for Heathcliff was forced to be supressed. Heathcliff and Catherine were still young and playing together innocently one day. This was before Catherine became a member of the upperclass society and realized that she could not love Heathcliff because of his social class. Heathcliff and Catherine wandered beyond the secure gates of Wuthering Heights to a large estate owned by Edgar Linton called Thrushcross Grange. They spyed through one of the windows and were caught by Linton. Heathcliff managed to escape in time but Catherine injured herself and was taken in by Linton?s servants. Catherine stayed at Thrushcross Grange while Heathcliff return! ed to Wuthering Heights. She stayed at the estate for several weeks being nursed by Linton and his servants. The time she spent with Linton caused her to fall in love with him, causing her to permanently be separated from Heathcliff and the lower class life she used to know. Catherine became so absorbed in her new life that she forgot about Heathcliff and the pain he was feeling, until she realizes that there was something missing in her life. She finally knew that in order for her to become a whole person, she needed to be with her other half, Heathcliff. Although there are many different important messages in this novel, the main value is the changes which occur in and between the characters. It is a love story which deals with the social classes and the supression of true feelings. Wuthering Heights is a tragedy because of what happens when the characters finally discover what was truely meant to be. Wuthering Heights bestowes a moral value onto the reader of discrimination and true heart-break.

Human Capital Management in Healthcare Industry in the U.S

Definition and drivers Organizational resources usually contribute a lot towards the overall success and performance of an industry, and it therefore becomes important for experts participating within an industry to manage these resources with a lot of care. Resources within an industry can include money, technology and even human beings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Capital Management in Healthcare Industry in the U.S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It therefore important to know the general output within an industry or within organizations themselves will depend on how well leadership can manipulate and manage these results to achieve overall industry and organizational success (Schuler Jackson 1999). Human resources are definitely the most important resources to any organization since they use their skill to control all other organizational resources with the sole aim of optimizing their use for the best outcome (Breul Gardner 2004). Human capital management can be simply defined as strategically planned approaches of managing people who assist the organization/industry achieve its mission and objectives by using their skills. Human capital management will therefore constantly tackle issues which contribute to the growth and actual development of human capital within an industry. Human resource management is quite complex and therefore in the same way that organizations manage finances and other functional areas it becomes a necessity to also manage human capital (Blair 2007). Leaders in the American health industry know that ultimately the collective level of skill, talent and abilities of individuals within various organizations and the industry serve as the fulcrum of success of that industry and thus it becomes totally necessary to careful strategies on handling them. There are many drivers within the American health industry that lead experts into taking the process of h uman capital management more seriously with close to human capital 20 million individuals who are either directly or indirectly linked to the industry and consequently the absence of human capital management can be disastrous and can eventually affect the impeccable reputation that this industry has gained over time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need to manage human capital within the American health industry is particularly very important because of the delicate nature of the industry, which involves dealing with patients and requires that organizations constantly keep checks on human capital to ensure those serving patients are competent enough and capable of treating patients professionally (Breul Gardner 2004). For instance, an hospital may decide to blacklist a doctor due to malpractice and therefore consequently the national database of medical professionals wi ll in turn be obligated to make this known to any future prospective employers. The highly volatile medical environment is usually subjected to technological changes that make treating patients easier and efficient and therefore this often drives hospitals to organize regular seminars whereby individuals such as doctors, morticians, nurses, and technicians can get themselves at par with trends within the industry. Thus, it has become clearer and apparent that any expenses incurred in the process of training individuals within an organization is considered as an investment, it is because employees are expected to improve on the quality of output and improve the gains that the organization/industry is to realize after training. Organizations and the overall industry may be driven to strategically manage their human capital because of the need to match skill set of their workforce with various functional departments accurately therefore the need to mange human capital. Different educat ion levels and also different job descriptions therefore require human resource managers to engage in human capital management with an aim of also ensuring efficient reward systems are put in place. The future of Human Capital management With the overall situation in the American health industry constantly changing and the public demanding for better and higher quality medical treatment, it is becomes necessary to effectively manage human capital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Capital Management in Healthcare Industry in the U.S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the use of I.T (information Technology) becoming the pivot of organizational resource management, the industry is expected to merge these technologies with enterprise resource systems to optimize the use of human resources within the organization and industry. With such systems tightly in place it will become easier for the industry to share records of human capital within the health sector with the aim of improving on the quality of medical healthcare within the United States. Players within the industry are much aware of the pressure to perform and the expectations that the public have on them and therefore it will become completely necessary to crate regular training programs that will in turn nurture and grow the competence, ability, skill and knowledge of the workforce (Swayne, Duncan Ginter 2006). Thus, the players need to undertake probably involve more training, seminars, and workshops that will aim to improve how employees working this sector carry out their day to day activities while serving patients. In summary, the future of the American health sector will be expected to be more human capital management oriented as the need to measure productivity and improve output will take centre stage. Furthermore, the need to minimize risks associated with the nature of work and tasks within the American health indust ry will demand that human capital management efforts be taken a notch higher due to the need to improve the entire health sector. Recommendations Although there no perfect human capital management system in the world it becomes quite essential that organizations and industries through various associations strive to continuously push human capital management towards perfection.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Elements that are normally included Human capital management The leadership within the American health industry should therefore centre their efforts towards improving talent acquisition processes, goal management systems, performance management systems, compensation management systems, learning and development systems, and lastly succession management systems within an organization. By doing so, the American health system could get an almost perfect human capital management process that will ensure that the workforce is quite happy and this will be reflected to the quality of output that will be observed in the health industry (Swayne, Duncan Ginter 2006). Employees make up human capital of an organization and have their own needs and targets which are equally important to them. It is this need and desires that they hold which often motivate their actions and influence the kind of output within their workplaces. It will as a result become necessary for leadership in the American health industry to take into account such factors while dealing with each and every employee. Because the kind of services delivered by medical professionals and health officials are quite complex and critical to the development of a nation, it hence becomes important for human capital managers to come up with systems that will be able to pinpoint areas of weaknesses together with other attributes such as goals and attempt to respond to them. The more human capital management moves from being collective in nature and becoming more individualistic then the more likely the human resource managers are to discover the queries that they may have overlooked previously because they thought they were too personal. Somehow it can be held that individual opinions and preferences of the workforce are more likely to affect the nature of their output. Abraham Maslow, a motivation guru, made it clear that sometimes individuals are inspired by more individualistic motives such as ego and actualization. It will therefore be important for leadership to identify such motives within the industry and take care of them to increase the quality of output from employees. It is also necessary that leaders within this industry to use rigorous techniques that will rediscover true talent and appropriately filter therefore selecting the most appropriate individuals into the industry. By forming various mechanisms to retain the best of human capital then the organizations will be able to smoothly afford the hustle of entering into employee replacement process and therefore save on costs and ensure smooth delivery of services enhancing the quality of health services (Baron Armstrong 2007). After acquiring the needed talent and retaining employee’s continuous training and development programmes that are in tune with the current medical environment should be organized to ensure that the levels of competency, skill and knowledge is at an all time high within the industry and organizations (Breul Gardner 2004). In addition, a more accurate compensation system that is more reflective on the nature of tasks and job description should be awarded. Also it is necessary for the management within the health industry to treat human capital with utmost professionalism by using radical and outstanding human capital management strategies that will optimize their performance and quality of output. References Baron, A. Armstrong, M. (2007). Human capital management: Achieving added value through people. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Blair, J. D. (2007). Strategic Thinking Entrepreneurial Action in the Health Care. Industry. Boston: Emerald Group Publishing. Breul, J. D. Gardner, N. W. (2004). Human Capital 2004. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Schuler. R. S. Jackson, S. (1999). Strategic human resource management. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Swayne, L., Duncan, W. Ginter, P. (2006). Strategic management of health care organizations Edition 5. New York: Wiley-Bla ckwell. This essay on Human Capital Management in Healthcare Industry in the U.S was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Human Capital Management in Healthcare Industry in the U.S

China Overpopulation Research Paper Example

China Overpopulation Research Paper Example China Overpopulation Paper China Overpopulation Paper Taking into consideration Chinas robust economic growth over the last 20-25 years, there is little reservation that Chinas has had positive impacts on the economy. Because of the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GAP), China has saved over 400 million people from definite poverty between the years 1979 to 2005 (The State Environmental Protection Administration, 2007). Despite this economic growth in arbitration and industrialization, there have arisen major concerns about the impact this economic growth and the over population has place on the environment. Over population in China have place large demands on sustainability such as water and air pollution, land degradation, and natural resources. In this assignment, the team will explore issues on environmental implications, the degradation Of land and resources, pollution, and the detrimental living conditions in China. Furthermore, we will explore possible solutions such as one-child policies, tax implementations for such violations, birth control, and birth reduction methods. Chinas overpopulation Overpopulation is understood as a situation in which the number of occupants in a specified area exceeds the ability the area can provide. China is a large population taking up roughly seven percent of the earths land mass with close to 25% of the worlds population. According to U. S. Census Bureau (201 1) China has more citizens than any other nation, China in first place with 1. 33 billion people, India second with 1. 14 billion people, and third the United States with 303 million people, (World Population Summary). Chinas legal working age to start is at around 15 years and lasts up to and about 64 years of age. Possessing a large population and a lengthy working age allows Chinas economy to capitalize on work efficiency. Chinas overpopulation is a resource to its economic gains by providing mass production at a low cost to business around the globe. Overpopulation has led china to seek different approaches when using its resources for food and water to feed its emergent population. Chinas population crisis is a situation that if not dealt with properly could lead to a serious problem affecting other nations. Issues from Chinas Overpopulation China faces a serious issue with overpopulation growth at an expedited speed. Due the extreme number factories caused by business and mass reduction it has caused serious pollution damage to the atmosphere above china and its surroundings. Another factor in the pollution problems facing China is the amount of unclean emission from various methods of transportation used by its people in day to day life. Large landfills and costal shores being used as dump sites by china and the importation of toxic from other countries has lead to serious pollution damage into the environment and the quality of air has becomes detrimental to the Pl health. Chinas alternate methods of resources for food and water hail caused damage to the earths natural resources by using an express f growing crops by using unhealthy and harmful fertilizers and pests( Using unhealthy fertilizers and pesticides along with a lack of proper c its environment has led to bad soil and bug infestations. Even with Chi efficient working class the nations overpopulation exceeds the avail resources of employment for its citizens. Lack of job availability is a lei cause to homelessness, starvation, and poverty. When a large enough amount of citizens are continuing to be denied a way to sun. vive then t element of crime becomes a factor that is added into society. Chinas population if properly regulated and sustained could be a possibility t become the worlds leading nation. Fall (2008) The ability of the Chine people to cope with overpopulation is admirable, but it is clear that the problem will block or handicap development and modernization effort decades to come. Chinas overpopulation problem is a warning to 70th developing countries that neglect family planning. Resolutions in Consideration China has very strict and enforced population control policies. There been a one child per family policy that restricts families to only one chi order to maintain the population levels. An example of a consequent following the population control policies is but not limited to a taxation to 50% of the income received by that family. Other consequences cool unemployment or denial of government support. Even with strict polio. Chinas government offers assistance at little to nothing cost to its citizen The largest assistance provided is birth control and various other contraceptives. In efforts to cut down on pollution to the environment is advancing their efforts in more economically safer methods of transportation. If china can continue to advance their efforts in pull, intro and environmental impact they can provide a healthier way of its citizens.

Bay of pigs invasion intelligence failure compared to the sucess of Research Paper

Bay of pigs invasion intelligence failure compared to the sucess of the cuban missle crisis intelligence - Research Paper Example Speculation and the lack of accurate information led to the failure of one and the reliance of accurate intelligence and proper planning led to the success of the other. Bay of Pigs Invasion Intelligence Failure Compared To the Success of the Cuban Missile Crisis Intelligence In 1961, the US attacked Fidel Castrol’s Cuba in a bid to overthrow his government. This attack was that came to be known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which turned out to be a complete failure. The US had used an attacking force that had received thorough training and aid that was enough to launch a successful attack anywhere (Hughes-Wilson, 2004). Instead, the military operation at the end was a disaster that completely humiliated the US government at the time. The operation also did not achieve its initial objective which was to bring down Fidel Castro and his government. On the contrary the attack only increased the Cuban’s support for their leader (Walton, 2010). The events leading to this inva sion started way back in 1960. The whole process had been well planned from the word go. On March 17 of that year, President Dwight Eisenhower started this elaborate program to get rid of the government of Cuba. The operation was a CIA project from the very beginning. The intelligence body not only provided necessary information on the invasion details, it also recruited and armed Cuban exiles who would carry out the attack. President John F. Kennedy is the one who authorized the failed attempt to oust Castro and his government. Taking a beachhead, establishing a government and gaining US recognition was all part of the plan (Jones, 2008). Some of the reasons associated with the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion include: the inability of the US forces to defeat the Cuban air force, the overestimation made by the CIA about the willingness of Cubans to support an armed invasion on their government and the selection of an unfit landing site. Before this invasion the CIA, which the Ei senhower had entrusted with the responsibility of removing Castro from power, had tried many other options to get rid of the president. There were attempts made to poison him, there was support of anticommunist groups in Cuba, and radio broadcasts against the Castro regime were aired to Cuba from Florida. There were even some reports that the CIA made contact with the mafia so that they could work together to get rid of Castro. However, none of these tactics worked, but the CIA was not done yet. They planned and executed the invasion of the Bay of Pigs, but even this adverse action failed (Walton, 2010). The invasion was organized with only 1,297 troops that comprised mostly of Cuban rebels who were not in any position to lead an attack against a formidable military. Within two days, the invasion of the US had been quelled by Castro’s forces and several rebels rounded up. The failure of the CIA during the invasion of Bay of Pigs can be contrasted with the success in which the Cuban Missile crisis was handled. This was another crisis that ha the potential to go awry had the intelligence not been accurate. In fact, a few weeks before the crisis, the Special National Intelligence Estimate (SNIE), which was a branch of the CIA, predicted wrongly that the USSR would not place missiles on Cuban soil (Hughes-Wilson, 2004). However, the intelligence gathered after that was enough for the US to plan and identify the missiles before they could be launched. The CIA also gathered enough

Human Resources Question Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resources Question Paper - Essay Example Therefore, acquiring and training the personnel is the most important aspect in being able to balance the company’s goals and compete with others. This is so, because when you appoint someone to a given position you require from him to posses particular education and work background, so that he can contribute for the developing for the company. So selecting the appropriate candidates is essential for company’s growth and competitiveness. Cohen (1991) states that by raising the corporate training employees are more predisposed to seek self-initiative and demand from their managers broader possibilities in their work liberties. Consequently, employees who have greater freedom to maneuver in their work can bring brighter ideas within the company and aid to its competitiveness. The preparation or training will provide the employees with specific internal competences about the position they hold and the work specificities. So combining the initial training with the already proven previous work experiences, the employee will be able to exceed in his work and instigate towards excellence. The training equips workers to carry out their duties and engage in personal development as well as company’s growth. Therefore, when one strives to grow in his positions, he will come up with clear and innovative ideas to guarantee the higher position. In my opinion, compensating human resources will contribute the least, because when individuals are looking for a career to grow, the amount of salary received is not the moving element. They know that they will be remunerated each month, so unless they are sales representatives and have a target to meet, they will not contribute to the competitive aspirations of the managers. Bonuses and other monetary stimulations are effective to a degree, they can stimulate the employees to come up with new ideas and to engage in the work processes more actively. However, if they do not hold personal

2. If God exists, is murder immoral Can those who do not believe in Essay

2. If God exists, is murder immoral Can those who do not believe in God be highly moral people Can people who practice different religions agree about how to resolve a moral disagreement - Essay Example In particular, assuming that â€Å"the highest perfection of any thinking being lies in careful and constant pursuit of true happiness,† Leibniz recognized God as the guarantor of harmony throughout the world (XXI, 51). In fact, his work provides an opportunity to see that great thinkers retained contacts with religion, which was also reflected in their ideas about the moral and ethical aspects of human life. For this reason, it is of great interest to explore the question of whether belief in the existence of God is the only argument in favor of the idea of ​​the immorality of murder. In other words, the question is whether people who deny the existence of God and who are called atheists can be highly moral people. In addition, it makes sense to consider whether people who practice different religions are able to agree about how to resolve a moral disagreement. This paper is based on the idea that belief in the existence of God is not the only argument in favor of the idea of ​​the immorality of murder and other moral principles. Moreover, the paper argues the idea according to which people of different religions can come to a moral agreement based on the general moral principles that despite the differences are present in almost all religions. In order to answer the first question, it is necessary to analyze the phenomenon of morality. Morality is a set of universal principles that govern human life, distinguishing between good and bad deeds. Thus being a set of universal principles morality differentiates between good and evil. The good manifests itself in acts that bring good (or benefit) for humans, in turn, the evil shows itself in actions and activities that bring physical or psychological pain and suffering to people. It makes sense to analyze the views of those who argue that the belief in the

Assessing The Strategy Of Blue Ocean Commerce Essay

Assessing The Strategy Of Blue Ocean Commerce Essay The market set is divided into two categories which are called oceans: Blue Oceans and red oceans. Red oceans are the known market space as it exists today, with all the various industries. Competitive rules are defined and barriers are clear and accepted. Competition exists among players to gain a bigger share; the more players are on the market, the fewer prospects for profit and growth is existent. Cutthroat competition turns the red ocean bloody. Blue Oceans on the other hand represent the opposite they are the unknown market space with industries that are not existent today. Demand is not created by competitive rivalry, because the rules of the game are yet to be set. There is substantial opportunity for profitable growth because of the deep potential of market space that is not yet explored.  [2]   To be successful in economic performance most companies are laying the focus on competitive strategies, plenty of enthusiasm is spend on analyzing and outperforming rivals. Using the vocabulary of the authors their focus is on red ocean strategies. In the future this will not be enough to survive; in addition to swim in a red ocean companies need to create Blue Oceans.  [3]  The following image illustrates the major differences between red and Blue Oceans. Image 1: Comparison of Red Ocean with Blue Ocean strategy  [4]   Value Innovation The basis of the Blue Ocean Strategy is called Value Innovation. Competition is made irrelevant by creating value for both buyers and the company. Buyer value is created by the benefit and price that the company offers to the consumer; value to the company is created from the price and its cost structure therefore only if those two variables are aligned the strategy works. The innovation of a product/ service must create value for the market and eliminate features that are not valued by the current market. New and uncontested market space is made accessible by simultaneously differentiate and reducing costs. This strategy is contrary to common management strategies which propose that companies can either create value to customers at higher costs or create reasonable value at lower costs.  [5]  According to the authors Value Innovation is a strategy that embraces the entire system of a companys activities.  [6]  Image 2 illustrates Value Innovation. Image 2: Value Innovation  [7]   Analytical tools and framework There are three basic tools that will help companies to build a Blue Ocean Strategy. The strategy canvas The strategy canvas is a tool that helps to build a Blue Ocean Strategy. It highlights the current situation in the known market space and shows the offering level that buyers receive across several key competing factors. By illustrating these factors in a simple matrix a graphic description in form of a value curve is visible. This value curve shows a companys relative performance within its industrys factors of competition.  [8]  By illustrating the current situation of an industry the strategic focus can be shifted away from current competition to alternatives and noncustomers, a redefinition of the industry can be constructed.  [9]  Image 3 illustrates a strategy canvas with an example of an Airline. Image 3: Strategy Canvas  [10]   The four actions framework This tool uses four key questions to lead to a new value curve: Which of the factors that the industry takes for granted should be eliminated? Which factors should be reduced well below the industrys standard? Which factors should be raised well above the industrys standard? Which factors should be created that the industry has never offered?  [11]   The first two questions give an insight in how to reduce the cost structure in comparison to other players in the industry. Question 3 and 4 give insight into how to lift buyer value and create new demand.  [12]   The eliminate-reduce-raise-create-grid This tool is supplementary to the four actions framework. It gives companies the possibility to act on all four questions answered before to create new value. The four factors of what to eliminate, reduce, raise and create are put in a matrix and by that scrutinize every factor the industry competes on.  [13]   Formulating Blue Oceans strategies Reconstruct market boundaries In order to break away from the competition the first principle is to reconstruct market boundaries. The challenge is to find possibilities of Blue Ocean opportunities. During performing research across various industry sectors the authors found a basic approach to remaking market boundaries, the six path framework.  [14]  This framework is applicable in all kinds of industries and all are based on looking at data from a new perspective. These are the six paths: Path 1: Look across alternative industries Path 2: Look across strategic groups within industries Path 3: Look across the chain of buyers Path 4: Look across complimentary product and service offerings Path 5: Look across functional or emotional appeal to buyers Path 6: Look across time  [15]   By analyzing each of the single paths companies will be able to get an insight into how to open up Blue Oceans by rebuilding market realities and leave behind conventional boundaries of competition.  [16]   Focus on the big pictures, not the numbers The approach to the strategic planning process is based on drawing a strategy canvas, as it is explained in the section of analytical tools and framework of this document. A structured process for developing a strategy canvas has been developed, which is called the Visualizing Strategy.  [17]  As the name implies, this process uses visual stimulation with the purpose to unlock peoples creativity. The main focus here is laid on the big picture rather than on defined numbers and operational details.  [18]   Reach beyond existing demand To achieve a maximization of the size of the Blue Ocean you are creating the focus should be laid on two things: The analysis of non-customers and finding out strong similarities of what buyers value.  [19]  This is a reversed approach to common strategies, where the focus is on customers and customer differences. The three tiers of non customers The challenge is to find out who the non-customers are and get a deep understanding of them. The authors describe three tiers of non-customers that eventually can be transformed into customers. The first tier of non-customers is closest to your market and would stay and increase their frequency of purchases if a leap in value would be offered to them. These non-customers also referred to as soon-to-be.  [20]  The second tier of non-customers is further away from your market and aware of offerings in it but has consciously voted against them. These non-customers are also referred to as refusing.  [21]  The third tier of non-customers is farthest from your market and has never considered its offerings as an option. These non customers are also referred to as unexplored.  [22]   By analyzing each of the three tiers an understanding of the non-customers can be developed to attract them into your market and expand your Blue Ocean.  [23]   Get the strategic sequence right The fourth principle of Blue Ocean Strategy focuses on the challenge to build a sustainable business model that will make profit on your Blue Ocean idea. The idea here is to use sequences and key criteria within a sequence to reduce business model risk.  [24]  Each sequence has a key question that has to be asked. If answered with no the sequence has to be reshaped. If answered with yes one can move on to the next sequence. The four sequences are: Buyer utility: Is there exceptional buyer utility in your business idea? Price: Is your price easy accessible to the mass of buyers? Cost: Can you attain your cost target to profit at your strategic price? Adoption: What are the adoption hurdles in actualizing your business idea? Are you addressing them up front?  [25]   With this sequencing as a starting point further analyzing of strategic pricing, target costing and finally the profit model is developed.  [26]   Executing Blue Ocean Strategy Overcome key organizational hurdles The challenge to execute the strategy of Blue Oceans is significant, since there are changes made from the conventional way of doing things. The authors present four common hurdles in the execution: The cognitive-, political-, motivational- and resource hurdle. Dealing with those challenges in form of hurdles with tipping point leadership is the key to make Blue Ocean Strategy happen in action.  [27]   Build execution into strategy The sixth principle of the Blue Ocean Strategy is about building commitment and trust into the strategy from the start. The focus is laid on a fair process as a key variable that distinguishes successful Blue Ocean Strategy moves from those that failed.  [28]   Case analysis In this section, we intend to describe and analize two cases of innovative companies (Virgin Galactic and Petrobras) based on the Blue Ocean theory. Virgin Galactic Description of Virgin Galactic Virgin Galactic is a company which belongs to the Virgin Group. This group was founded 1970 by Sir Richard Branson and is one of the leading brand venture capital organizations of the world. The group has created more than 300 branded companies in a variety of different industries, employs around 50,000 people and generated revenue of approx. US$ 18 billion in the year 2009.  [29]  Based on them the success of this group derives from the power of the Virgin name, Richard Bransons personal reputation; our unrivalled network of friends, contacts and partners; the Virgin management style; the way talent is empowered to flourish within the group.  [30]   The Virgin Galactic company has the aim of making private space travel available to everyone by creating the worlds first commercial spaceline.  [31]  Virgin Galactic will create, own and operate spaceships, the SpaceShipTwo. To achieve this goal the Virgin Group uses it experiences in aviation, adventure and luxury travel combining with the technology developed by Burt Rutan. The company was founded in the year 2004 and is located in New Mexico. The SpaceShipOne became the first private spaceship with high altitude-flights in the year 2004. The successor of this technology, the SpaceShipTwo, has seats for two pilots and six passengers. Every passenger has to pay US$200.000 with a deposit ofUS$20,000. At the moment 340 passengers have registered for this service.  [32]  So far 450 people have ever been to space, the goal of Virgin Galactic is to take 1,000 people to space within the first year of commercial operation.  [33]  The first commercial flight shall start in the year 2012.  [34]   The mothership of the SpaceShipTwo, the WhiteKnightTwo, will take the SpaceShipTwo to a height of about 16km and then release it. At that point the rockets of the SpaceShipTwo will boost and bring it to a height of about 100km.  [35]  There it will fly for about five minutes in which the passengers have a magnificent view at the earth and can enjoy weightlessness. Afterwards the space ship will decrease the altitude and land at its base in New Texas. The first flying tests of the WhiteKnightTwo were executed successfully and the SpaceShipTwo completed the first manned glide flight in October 2010.  [36]   At current stage the company Blue Origin which is based close to Seattle is also working on a private space ship.  [37]   Analysis of Virgin Galactic The analysis will start by discussing the Value Innovation of Virgin Galactic. So far tourism in space was available for seven specific persons who paid in average US$ 25 million for staying about 14 days at the ISS.  [38]  The clear buyer benefit of Virgin Galactic is to make this tourism available for nearly everybody who can afford paying the US$200,000 which is less than 1% of the price so far. Moreover, these space trips also add value to Virgin Galactic as it will earn US$200,000 for every passenger having already 340 on the waiting list. Virgin Galactic clearly succeeded in creating a Value Innovation. In the following the strategy canvas for Virgin Galactic will be developed to see the value curve in comparison to its competitor the stay at the ISS.  [39]   As principal factors the following was defined: price, safety, request for personal attributes and easy preparation for the trip.  [40]  As seen in image one the Virgin Galactic company enables a much more comfortable and convenient stay as the previous tourism on the ISS. This is also based on the lower requirements a person has to fulfill to be able to execute this tourism and the lower time-investment. Image 4: Strategy Canvas of Virgin Galactic  [41]   Considering the four action framework Virgin Galactic reduced the costs by eliminated the factors that a stay in space has to be combined with a long duration and cost-intensive stay at the ISS and with cost-intensive rocket starts. Furthermore, they created the factor that nearly everybody would be able (from physical requirements  [42]  ) to go to space with a low time-investment and a comparably low amount of money. They increased the convenience of space-tourisms to a very high extent. In conclusion, they managed to dramatically reduce the costs while increasing the perceived value of the passengers which are interested in some minutes of weightlessness and seeing the earth from the space. Virgin Galactic also concentrated on the so called non-customers as the total number of customers was seven so far. They identified the implicit wish of most people to go to space once. Organizational hurdles The cognitive hurdle cannot be applied as Virgin Galactic did not start in a red ocean but directly entered the Blue Ocean with the start of the company. The hurdle resources will probably be not a big burden as the first flying tests went successful, customers on the waiting list already paid close to US$7 million as deposit and Sheikh Mansour invested US$280 million in this business.  [43]  Furthermore, the Virgin Group and the state of New Mexico are supporting this business. The motivation of the employees and managers is high which is also pushed by Richard Branson personal interest in the success of this company.  [44]  The political hurdle could be implemented by making new laws for required safety standards. But already in 2004 the US congress passed a law which allows passengers to fly into space with the understanding that these vehicles might not be as safe as regular airplanes. Furthermore, the governor of New Mexico supports this company  [45]  and the Virgin group has a high political power. In conclusion all the hurdles were passed successfully by Virgin Gallactic. Build execution into strategy From the beginning Richard Branson declared the vision of this company to make private space travel year 2004. Conclusion In final conclusion, Virgin Galactic entered a Blue Ocean from the beginning. It decreased the costs and made space travel available to everyone by creating the worlds first commercial spaceline. Virgin Galactic works towards this clear vision with having the first commercial flights very likely eight years after its foundation in the previous tourism in space and increased the value of it by leveraging especially the convenience for the customers. Moreover, it went beyond known customer space by offering this service for less than 1% of the costs so far. It managed the organizational hurdles and created a strong vision from the start. Although other companies as e.g. Blue Origin try to create space tourisms this ocean is deep blue so far for Virgin Galactic. Petrobras Description of Petrobras Petrobras was established on October 3, 1953 by the president of Brazil, Getà ºlio Vargas, to undertake oil sector activities in the country. In the early 1970s, the members of the Organization of the Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose the international prices substantially, triggering the so-called Oil Shock. As a result, the market was troubled and marked by uncertainty. In order to overcome the difficulties, the Brazilian government adopted economic measures in order to overcome the supply of oil. Some examples of these measures were the encouragement for use of ethanol as automotive fuel and prioritizing offshore exploration and production. With the measures, the government intended to reduce the dependency on importing a very expensive product and to create an industry to create jobs and exports. These tasks where given to Petrà ³leo Brasileiro (Petrobras) for being executed.  [46]   Producing ethanol for powering the nation 1975 marks the beginning of the production of Ethanol by Petrobras in Brazil aiming to drive the large-scale substitution of oil based vehicular fuels for biofuels. Substituting gasoline for ethanol (produced from sugarcane and manioc) led to 10 million fewer gasoline fuel cars running in Brazil, reducing the countrys dependence on imported oil.  [47]   Today Brazil is recognized as the world leader in the production of ethanol for industrial purposes, based on the most advanced agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world and to the amount of arable land available in the country. In 2010, the Brazilian ethanol produced by Petrobras was designated as one of the most advanced biofuels due to the 61% reduction of green house gas emissions.  [48]   Pioneering in deep waters In 1984 the company discovered one of the biggest reserve in deep water ever registered in the world. The Albacora field was discovered; proving the existence of giant fields nestled at great depth in Brazil. This marked the beginning in deepwater exploration for the company. By 1986 the company, which until then purchased technology, was faced with the challenge of producing oil at a depth of 400 meters. After surveying the market and finding out there was no technology available for this depth, the company decided to invest in developing new technologies. This was an extremely ambitious project, since, at the time, Petrobras had been exploring at depths of 150 meters and had plans for 1000 meters by 1990. This project turned out to be a great success and the company is currently the global leader in this area. By 2005, Petrobras sets the record of drilling depth with a sloped that reached 6915 meters beyond the bottom of the sea.  [49]   Petrobras achieves self sufficiency In 2006 Brazil became a self-sufficient country in oil and gas production. With an average of 1.9 million barrels per day, Brazil went on to exporting more oil and oil products than it imported. It was like a dream came true, only possible because of the technological efforts and dedication of the employees. Since this point, Petrobras is the most profitable company in the Brazilian economy, being recognized as the eighth biggest oil exploring company in the world.  [50]   In the upcoming years, Petrobras intends to invest in using and developing new renewable energy sources. The portfolio of new projects includes wind, solar and water energy sources and fuel hydrogen. The intention is to reduce even more the dependency on oil, delivering the necessary energy sources to Brazil in order to sustain the intended growth of the upcoming years. Analysis of Petrobas Petrobras success can be summed up in one word and that word is innovation. This company faced the challenge of turning one of the biggest countries in the Americas from a big consumer of imported oil to self sufficient in oil and gas production. This strategy was based on focusing on the big picture (producing its own oil and become an exporter of petroleum) rather than finding a temporary solution for importing oil in the 70s, when the biggest crisis of oil prices occurred. Value Innovation They broke away from the competition by reconstructing market boundaries. For each challenge they faced, they were able to create and develop the necessary technology that didnt exist in the market, becoming a leader in deepwater oil drilling. They reached beyond their existing demand by having more oil available than they need for their own consumption. They also created value to the country by reducing the amount of CO2 in 61% emitted by cars and public transportation thanks to the introduction to ethanol and biodiesel. Brazil became a more efficient country thanks to the use of their natural resources for powering the nation. By mixing ethanol with oil, Petrobras has managed to increase the value for customers by creating a reduction of oil prices  [51]  and by guaranteeing the oil supply they reduced the dependency on foreign companies. Strategy canvas We have decided to explain the differences between the two largest producers of Ethanol in the world, Brazil and U.S.A. As we have mentioned before, Petrobras is the only company responsible for the production and distribution of ethanol in Brazil. Image 5: Stragegy Canvas Petrobas  [52]   As we can see in the figure xx, Brazil is the second largest producer of Ethanol in the world (6,500 million gallons in 2009  [53]  ) behind the United States (10,900 million gallons in 2009  [54]  ). But, the total area used by Brazil for cultivating their sugar cane (3.6 million hectares  [55]  by 2006) is far less than the land used by the United States (10 million hectares  [56]  in 2006). This means that the productivity per hectare is superior in Brazil than in the United States. Another important thing to mention is that thanks to the mixture of Ethanol and oil in Brazil, green house gas reduction has been reduced considerably (89%  [57]  ), increasing the value the company gives to their customers. Organizational hurdles The hurdles are based on the theory mentioned in the first section of this project. During the oil crisis of the 70s, the company faced the challenge of completely changing the paradigm of production. In the cognitive hurdle, we can say that the employees understood completely the need of the company and were able to transform the company. In the second hurdle resources, we can say that the company successfully understood that they needed to invest a great amount of resources in RD in order to increase the efficiency of the production of ethanol and also to raise the drilling depth for oil extraction. Motivating employees on a thirty-year-old project has been an enormous challenge for the company. They have managed to succeed by achieving small goals each year, increasing the level of satisfaction and trust towards the leadership of the company. Finally, the political hurdle was managed correctly due to the implications of the transformation project, involving the government, the management and employees of the company. Build execution into strategy As we mentioned before, the strategy was clear from the beginning: Reduce the dependency of oil and turn the country into a self-sufficient country. The facts speak for themselves, the whole company aligned in order to achieve the goal and it is an example on how to implement the Blue Ocean strategy. Conclusion So, why can the strategy of Petrobras be considered a Blue Ocean strategy? First of all they focused on creating value for the country by reducing the amount of oil imported and gaining self-sufficiency. As a consequence, they were able to reduce considerably the prices of gasoline in Brazil and the dependency of external factors to develop the country. They achieved this goal by innovating in ways to reduce consumption of oil (alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel) and exploit the potential the country had in its coasts, regardless the technology available at the times. In the last twenty years, Petrobras has become a key player in the success of Brazil to achieve development. The upcoming years for this company look really bright, thanks to the investment they are doing on other alternative means to produce electricity (water, solar and wind), improve the efficiency of alternative fuels and by creating the necessary technology for increasing the depth for deepwater drilling for oil. Discussion In the following the degree of novelty of the Blue Ocean strategy and the general criticism about this theory will be discussed. Analyzing the degree of novelty in the Blue Ocean Strategy The book The Blue Ocean Strategy was first published in 2005 and according to the two authors based on more than 15 years of research in various dimensions of this business topic and 150 successful strategic moves spanning.  [58]   As we read above the Blue Ocean Strategy aims at creating new demand in an uncontested market space. This is done by reducing the factors of competition and offering new value to t

Politics in America Essay -- Political American Society Essays

Politics in America There are many important decisions made every day in this country. Most Americans do not know about half of these decisions. There is no need for the average adult to know all the decisions that happen every day because he can not be trusted to make the majority of the decisions. However, there are certain aspects of life where the average man is worthy of making decisions for himself. Economically, the average man can make educated decisions because it directly involves his immediate environment. In politics, the majority of decisions are made for the average man because he is not educated enough about national issues. The average man is not stupid. However, he doesn’t have a good enough grasp on national reality to make intelligent decisions. The average man can be trusted to make decisions that affect his personal and social existence only in specific aspects of his life. Politics today is a very complicated subject that few people outside fully comprehend it in its entirety. The average adult thinks he understand most of politics. When in fact, the average adult does not know most of what takes place in politics. Voting for amendments will affect one’s social existence, yet average adults won’t know half of what the amendment actually means before voting. If people do not watch debates for elections, or make some effort to understand what a candidate’s views are, they end up making an uneducated decision about who to vote for. Since this is the average adult, effects can be catastrophic. An unqualified candidate could be elected to office and make poorer decisions that will have a worse effect nationally. Average adults need someone to be there leader or else they fail. As much as I ... ...litics fully. Young people have not experienced enough about this world where they are to be trusted to handle a subject as complex as politics. However, economically, average adults have experienced a lot in their lives already. They know enough about their jobs or their immediate surroundings that they can be trusted to make educated decisions. Average adults can be trusted to participate in the decisions that affect their personal and social existence economically. This is one sphere of life where man has lived long enough to make decisions on his own. However, there are still other aspects of life where average adults are not ready to be trusted to make decisions. Politics will continue to be a difficult subject for people to comprehend. Decisions that affect average adult’s personal and social existence can only be allowed in certain spheres of life.

Daddy Long Legs Essay

Jerusha Abbott was brought up at the John Grier Home, an old-fashioned orphanage. The children were wholly dependent on charity and had to wear other people’s cast-off clothes. Jerusha’s unusual first name was selected by the matron off a gravestone (she hates it and uses â€Å"Judy† instead), while her surname was selected out of the phone book. At the age of 18, she has finished her education and is at loose ends, still working in the dormitories at the institution where she was brought up. One day, after the asylum’s trustees have made their monthly visit, Judy is informed by the asylum’s dour matron that one of the trustees has offered to pay her way through college. He has spoken to her former teachers and thinks she has potential to become an excellent writer. He will pay her tuition and also give her a generous monthly allowance. Judy must write him a monthly letter, because he believes that letter-writing is important to the development of a writer. However, she will never know his identity; she must address the letters to Mr. John Smith, and he will never reply. Jerusha catches a glimpse of the shadow of her benefactor from the back, and knows he is a tall long-legged man. Because of this, she jokingly calls him Daddy-Long-Legs. She attends a â€Å"girls’ college,† but the name and location are never identified. Men from Princeton University are frequently mentioned as dates, so it might be assumed that her college is one of the Seven Sisters. It was certainly on the East Coast. She illustrates her letters with childlike line drawings, also created by Jean Webster. The book chronicles Jerusha’s educational, personal, and social growth. One of the first things she does at college is to change her name to â€Å"Judy. † She designs a rigorous reading program for herself and struggles to gain the basic cultural knowledge to which she, growing up in the bleak environment of the orphan asylum, was never exposed. At the end of the book, the identity of ‘Daddy-Long-Legs’ is revealed.

The Philippines essays

The Philippines essays The Philippines can be seen as an abboration in relation to other Asian countries. Early on in its history it was subject to colonial rule by the Spanish. The Spanish introduced Spanish culture and Roman Catholicism to the Philippines. The period of long colonial rule also produced a culture that was neither directly Spanish nor directly Filipino. Filipino society and culture today can be best described as a synthesis of the two cultures that has been tempered over time. However for some Filipinos this is not enough. Some long for a more solid notion of identity. They ask, What is Filipino? Two novels from the Philippines, When The Rainbow Goddess Wept, by Cecilia Manguerra Brainard, and Dusk by F. Sionil Jose, suggest that Filipino identity can be seen in the struggles and oral traditions of their past. The Philippines were originally Asian in culture and race, but lost this identity through the Spanish, and American colonial experience. But we see that through the colonial experience a new Filipino Identity developed. In the novel, Recuerdo, by Cristina Pantoja Hidalgo, one learns that prior to colonialism the Philippines traded and had contact with China. At this time the Philippines had what one could consider a culture untouched, untainted of forced outside influences. From the novel, When the Rainbow Goddess Wept, one learns of rich oral traditions of the Philippines. When the Spanish took the Philippines as a colony in 1521, the notion of an untouched Philippine culture disappeared. The Spanish brought with them Catholicism. The Filipinos eventually embraced Catholicism integrating it into Philippine culture. A syncretism of what was Filipino culture and religion and Spanish culture and Catholicism resulted in a Filipino culture that was unique, neither purely Spanis h, nor Filipino. This new identity became what Filipinos accepted as Filipino culture for they new nothing else. ...

An Examination of Nazi Germany essays

An Examination of Nazi Germany essays The Nazis had many domestic policies which had very many effects on the typical German way of life. In simple terms, what the question above asks is two things: one, what the Nazis desired to achieve in Germany, and two, whether or not they were successful. During the period from the rise of Hitler to the fall of his proposed empire, the Nazi policies can be placed under a single ideal, the revival of the sense of community. These 'volkgesmeinschaft' oriented policies were adopted by the Nazis in order to instill the traditional Germanic ideals of the previous Reich's into the new generation of German people, purify the German race and, through the use of the Jewish peoples, gypsies, homosexuals and other groups as scapegoats, solve the crisis' which Germany faced, creating a more unified Germany and a country and empire which, according to Hitler, "would last one thousand years". In addition to this, the Nazis also desired Germany to become an authoritarian government under Hitler. These policies are all very easily said, but the Nazis had vast problems and obstacles which they faced in order for these plans to be achieved. After they took power, certain individual policies were created and enforced, which attempted to achieve the ideals listed above. First of all, the Nazis had policies towards the practice of religion, in order to preserve the ideals of the traditional folk Germanic community. The Nazis desired to control the church as well as the state and they signed the concordat with Pope Pious II. The Nazis reasoned with the story of Christ, who was related to the Germans. This was their justification for placing the symbol of Christ, the cross, next to the symbol of Nazism, the swastika, in churches across the entire of Germany. Secondly, the Nazis were able to create a traditional Germanic community, while still controlling it, by the introduction of physical and intellectual training through various groups, in part...

Implementing Qualitative Approaches -Sheila Essay

Implementing Qualitative Approaches -Sheila - Essay Example The number of preventable deaths that occur in our health institutions every year has been on the increase. One of the major reason as to why this has been the case is lack of the necessary data that these health professionals need. The health officers in some situations are forced to wait for long to get the medical reports of a patient who might be in a critical condition. In the long run the patient might lose his life due to late treatment or lack of treatment totally (Berg, Occasions for Information Technologies in Medical Work, 2012). In some rare cases the medical organizations have access to the Electronic Health Record which enables them get information about patients quickly. The problem that this study seeks to solve is the inaccessibility of the electronic health records by most healthcare officers due to the slow adaption of these organizations to the electronic system. There are more medical risks due to this reason. Reports tabled by the Institute of Medicine show that close to 98,000 US citizens lose their lives annually due to errors caused by inaccessibility of full patient medical information. Most medical facilities in the United States use the manual system of recording and keeping data of their patients. The data in this case is kept on paper posing a lot of challenges to the professionals when they seek to ensure reliability of their services (Berg, Implementing Information Systems in Health Care Organizations: Myths and challenges, 2012). For example, close to a hundred thousand citizens die in the United States yearly due lack of quick access to patients’ medical records. One reason why the health organizations are slow to shift to this method is the high cost anticipated to this electronic health record method. The high costs of running an EHR (Electronic Health Record) system hinder small medical service providers from adopting the system. Despite these organizations

Personal statement for PhD admission Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For PhD admission - Personal Statement Example The program itself is predicated on a heavy research background; something that I am partially familiar with and interested in understanding and engaging to a more profound degree. Essentially, my current research background has been limited to a 2012 publication in the Academic Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications. However, I also engaged in a great deal of research with respect to my Master’s degree while studying at the University of New Haven. Moreover, my internship at China Taiping Insurance Company helped me to realize that very few current issues that are represented throughout the world can be addressed without performing adequate research and understanding the unique variables that tie in to each and every situation. Quantitative and qualitative research in terms of crime prevention and sociological understanding are of primal interest to me as well. Although I only had a few opportunities to leverage these interests in undergraduate school, I fully intend on focusing on both of these methodological approaches within a graduate program. Likewise, focusing on crime theory and sociological ramifications of crime is a predominant interest that I have with regard to the field. Similarly, as with any other field of study, understanding dynamics of crime and crime prevention ultimately reduces to an understanding of finance; something that further intrigues me. Essentially, these are two differentiated research interests and ones that I believe can lead to further relevant understanding of the field of criminal justice. The first relates to the way in which crime can be better understood and potentially prevented, whereas the second is mainly contingent upon the resources that individual departments a llocate to crime scene investigation and how this correlates with their overall rates of successfully solved crimes. Obviously, these two research interests

Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Structural analysis - Essay Example Assuming the average mass of adult to be 70 kilograms. Therefore, his weight shall be given by Weight= mass* acceleration due to gravity Weight= 70Kg*9.8N/Kg =686N The system is designed to carry three adults but the distance from each one is not specified .Therefore I treat their net weight to acting on the beam as a load equally distributed at 7.5 cm from end R1 indicated by force F1 which is technically equal to F2. Force F1 is given by; [? (the average weight of the three adults)] ? 2 (686?3) N ?2=1029 N Shear forces at the extreme ends of the beam are equal to the opposite reaction forces. The shear forces at any point on the beam is calculatable by using the formula F(x) = Rl –qx= qL/2 –qx= q [L/2 -x] whereby x is the distance from the left end of the beam, L the length of the entire beam and q the load on the beam F (0.075) =1029[1.8?2-0.075] = 848.925 The shearing force (SF) within any given party of the beam illustrates the tendency for the section of the beam on either side of the cross-section to slide or shear laterally in relation to other ends. The diagram shows the sitting beam in which the weights are distributed across it. The three adults will be assumed to be of load W1, W2, and W3 W1 W2 W3 The swing is supported on both ends by the other beams placed vertically to the sitting beam. The two ends in which the beam is supported is of reaction R1 and R2. Assuming the beam is split into two sections at point p. the resultant of the loads, reaction acting on the left of point p is F vertically upwards, and because the entire beam is uniform, the resultant force to the right of P should be F downwards. In this case, F is refers to the shearing force at the reaction P. usually the shearing force at any given part of the beam gives the algebraic sum of the lateral elements of the forces acting on each part of the beam. For bending moments, in the same approach it may that when the bending moments (BM) of the forces acting to the left pa rt of point P are clockwise then the bending moments of the forces on the right side should be in anticlockwise direction as indicated. Bending moment at given point is stated as the algebraic total of moments about a part of the entire forces acting in opposite directions. In a swing the bending moments are taken to be positive because when three adults sits on it, the total weights acts downwards and this is balance by the upward force from the two support chains on either side of the beam. The adults force gives the beam a clockwise push while the side chains give it an anticlockwise force. The results of this system are known as a sagging bending moment because it attempts to make the beam concave at the center. Fixing moments has to be determined in this system and work on the types of loads acting on it. It is also necessary to note that it is not possible to achieve a faultless fixing moment or the joining moment used will be associated to the angular movement of the supporti ng or reaction forces. Assuming that the adults sit adjacent to one another at point x of the beam We will let the shearing force at point X be F and at x = dx be F + dF. Equivalently, the bending moment is at M at x and M + dM at x + dx. Taking w as the mean estimate of loading of the beam length, the sum load is wdx,

Macroeconomic Performance of the Ten Countries Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomic Performance of the Ten Countries Essay What was Expected from the Governments and Central Banks of These New Entrants? On May 1, 2004, ten Central European and Mediterranean countries joined the EU and their names are as follows: Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia.   This raised the enlargement to 25 countries that comprise of 450 million people, which is more than the population of the U.S. and Japan combined. [1] This accession will compel the new member states governments to utilize the EU legislation without much exception and will enable them to enjoy all the advantages that go with it, and once they go through a certain period and show improvements, they will be included in Schengen area and the euro zone. In addition, from the year 2004 to 2006 they are entitled to receive a payment of 45 billion euros in a form of a community aid and 30.7 billion euros in a form of payment appropriations.   As a result, according to two treaties that were signed in Amsterdam and Nice that were the basis through which the enlargement was conducted, the intent of the whole arrangement was to make the enlarged Europe more democratic, transparent, and effective calling on all governments to work on these areas. The end result of the enlargement had been labeled as a historical precedence that will change the dimensions of the continent and it is believed to put the division of the past behind ushering in democracy, freedom, and stability to the whole region.   At the same time it is believed that it creates opportunities for all involved where the early 15 nations business share and economical activity had increased, while the new entrants have also reaped economic advantage that was not available for them before the assesstion. What had come into existence is a union of 450 million people and had already represented at the time the union was effected one-fourth of the world wealth, giving the region a new leading economic power.   In addition, the role the continent is playing in the international scene had gotten enhancement, especially in security and defense policy. [2] The new states and their governments that are joining the Union will have to adhere to the Copenhagen Criteria and it has three components.   The first component is any of the nations that are joining the union should reach a certain level of stability and should have establishments that oversee and guarantee democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and the observing of the rights of minorities.   Then the second one which is an economic criteria stipulates that the nations adhere to the principle of the market economy and have a mechanism that enables them to deal with competitive pressure and market forces that will be directed at them after joining the EU. What is called acquis communautaire adoption criterion anticipates that the candidates should put themselves in a position to shoulder the membership’s obligations, as well as a strict adherence to the principles of the political, economic, and monetary union.   Through all this process the Union is responsible for evaluating, recommending, and approving of the states’ performance and it will evaluate the capacity of the Union to absorb more members without affecting the normal functioning of the existing Union members. The process starts when European countries apply to join the Union and that will be evaluated based on how the applicant nations with the guidance of their respective governments meet the Copenhagen political and economic criteria, and the accession is granted only when the requirements are met.   The nations through their governments will have to agree to apply the EU legislation that is over 80,000 pages from day one, even if there are a few exceptions that will allow the new entrants a leeway as long as it is not going to intervene with the smooth operation of the activities of the other members.   When the EU is convinced that the applying nations meet all the requirements of the Copenhagen criteria the next phase will kick in, which is the signing of the accession treaty. [3] The ten Central European and Mediterranean states, through macroeconomic plans that were introduced and carried out by their respective governments had gone through this process before getting permission to join the Union.   And once they joined the Union there are more questions arising because it is difficult to say what currency they should be using and as long as they meet the Maastricht criteria they are expected to the join the euro zone by abandoning their own currency. Here the various central banks play a leading role because it is known that it will take them some time to meet the requirements and while working to meet the requirements they will have to focus on their structural and economic reforms so that they will manage to have a better convergence in both nominal and real terms.   Since the other requirement before joining the euro is entering the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System, the ERM II will require them to abandon their own monetary policy. It does not necessarily mean this route fits everyone since the rigorous stability requirement applied by the exchange rate could derail the existing stand of their current account, simply because when there is appreciation in their currency it will affect their competitiveness, because of the high price they will be forced to charge.   The other worry is joining the ERM II should not result in overvaluing their currency whereby they will be obligated to devalue their currency in the two years test period.   From what had been witnessed most of the nations had an open economy that was heavily reliant on trade with EU countries and if they can eliminate the transaction cost in any way, which would include currency exchange, they will embrace it. [4] The final outcome was from the ten countries that joined the Union Slovenia, Lithuania, and Estonia were able to enter the ERM II and were expected to join the euro zone on January 1st, 2007, simply because they had met most of the criteria. But the only nation that managed to join the euro was Slovenia showing that the others did not meet some of the requirements, they need more time to make the adjustments, and might be able to join the euro by the year 2008. The other three nations Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta had also joined ERM II and could join the euro in 2008.   The remaining members Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland are deemed to wait longer to better meet the criteria.   [5] The Macroeconomic Policy These Nations had been Following After Joining the Union. To address this question starting from the Central European nation that just joined the euro zone in January 1, 2007 might shed light on the areas that the nation did right while the other two nations Lithuania and Estonia will have to wait at least up to 2008 to be evaluated if they would meet the requirement of the ERM II.   The nation had $17,290 per capita income in 2005, it had a population of two million people, and it was among the most successful transition economies.   The nation’s GDP per capita in 2005 was 81% of the other EU members, which must have helped it to get a high score, since it is the only nation that has such a high percentage. According to the report the prosperity of Slovenia is due to its gradual and consensual approach to reform, which has made it different from the other nine countries.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has worked hard to attain this position although lately its competitiveness is eroding.   Another area that had lagged was foreign direct investment (FDI) due to the slower pace and the general reluctance to interact with foreign sources resulting the FDI to be 1.2% of GDP between 1997-2005.   Even if it had reached once to 7% of GDP it had gone back to .02% of GDP in 2005 and this falling behind is curtailing the advancement the nation could have attained, yet it did not prevent it from joining the euro, simply because the possibility is within reach. [6] As far as economic growth is concerned the nation has averaged 3.9% it the mentioned period and had managed to fend off macroeconomic imbalances that were commonplace with the other transitional economies and its tight fiscal and monetary policy had resulted in allowing it to have a near balanced budget with a 1.7% budget and 1.1% current deficit, another good performance that was coupled with an enhanced foreign trade. The country also had managed to bring inflation under control and it had it at a single-digit since 1996.   Another advantage the nation had was it had a strong performance where the GDP growth was at 3.9% fueled by a rise in foreign demand.   In all this, inflation was under control at 2.5% and that was attained by allowing wage to lag behind productivity growth, by making up for oil price increase by introducing excise tax, and by attaining a stable exchange rate. [7] The next nation to look at is Lithuania which was among the three nation that were slated to join the eruo in 2007,   but has not made it and looking at its performance might shade light on how it fared.   The first glaring difference between the two countries is the per capita income where in Lithuania it was $7,210 in 2005 even if the population in Slovenia was only 1.4 million, whereas the population in Lithuania is 3.4 million. Other than that the GDP growth of 7.5% was much higher and it was the fastest growing economy in the region. It also had much more to export, which included refined oil, machinery and equipment, and textile.   It is not different than the other countries that are heavily dependant on the euro zone for their exports, the average being 60%.   The other advantage it had over Slovenia was it had enjoyed a peak GDP growth of 10% in 2003 since it was in a better position to create wage growth by bringing down unemployment from 17% down to 6% and in doing that it had got help from the EU fund that it was entitled for joining the Union in 2004. At the same time, it had a much better domestic demand that is enabling it to drive its economy.   Yet, there is a sign of heating of the economy as there is shortage of workers since they are migrating to the UK and Ireland.   After joining ERM II it had shown an impressive commitment to adopt the euro and was able to liberalize its pricing and most of its trades had been directed to the EU zone.  Ã‚   The other factors such as privatization had been taken care of to the point where all factors of production are in the private hands, and it had also been working in the area of FDI that is seeing a steep increase.    If there is another aspect that is holding it back it could the unparalleled poverty level in the nation and it is at 52% purchasing power parity compared to 81% enjoyed by Slovenia.   And one of the reasons that it did not qualify might be at least 16% of its population lives under the poverty line and poverty is widespread in the rural area where it is considered to be up to 57% of the poor are living.   That area might be the reason that contributed to its being held back for a while since all the indicators including health and education are going badly lacking in these regions. [6] Estonia that was in the list to join the euro in January 1, 2007 with the other two nations is a relatively smaller country with a population of 1.35 million and its per capita income is $9,100.   This nation has fewer natural resources and it depends on trade for the most part.   Its main specialty export is telecom.   Its GDP growth performance was not bad at 7.5%. The country had been a main gateways for trade between the Soviet Union and the West that is said to have given it some advantage and because of that the education level and the standard of living of the people was higher that other member countries. In 2005 its GDP growth had reached 9.8% resulting in the heating up of the economy as the unemployment rate had gone down, while at the same time workers are migrating to the other EU countries.   What is driving its economy is the domestic demand that is expanding due to income growth and credit expansion that is also taking export higher.   If there is any problem highlighted it is the overheating of the economy and the current account defect that is at 11% of GDP in 2005 and was at 13% in 2004, which would mean this could be one of the reasons why its plan to join the euro in 2007 had been postponed. [8] The other three nations slated for 2008 to join the euro are Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta.   Latvia has a per capita income of $6,750 and has 2.3 million people where one-third of them are living in the capital city.   The nation has few natural resources and is an importer for the most part and the import includes natural gas, oil, and electricity.   The source of GDP for 2005 was 23% industry, 73% service, and the remaining 4% was from agriculture. The country had some difficulty adjusting after it left the Soviet Union and the situation was turned around by the fiscal discipline the government introduced, where a cap was put to the subsidies enterprises were getting.  Ã‚   The government’s early liberalization effort had enabled the nation to join WTO in 1999.   Overall, the nation had converted itself into a market economy, which enabled it to join the EU in 2004.  Ã‚   Market and price liberalization, privatization, restriction on foreign transaction all are in the right perspective and the result had been positive where privatization is almost complete. Other areas overhauled were the legal system, institutions, and the social safety net.  Ã‚   The GDP growth had made it to 10.2% in 2005 and the unemployment rate was at 8.7% in the same year.   Some of the malice that is affecting the other nations such as low-income level, which was at 47% of the EU average had not spared this nation either.   Because of that labor migration had been escalating after joining the Union which is feared to create a problem in the long run while at the same time the population is aging.   Because of this there is a fear of overheating and the deficit has reached 12.4% while inflation is at 6%, which has contributed to the holding back of the nation from joining the euro and that might be possible in 2010. [6] Cyprus on the other hand has a highly developed infrastructure with a population of 784,000 and with a per capita of $7135.   The macroeconomic policy of the government had focused on meeting the requirement of joining the EU.   There was oil discovery in the sea south of Cyprus and negotiations had gone underway with the neighboring Egypt how to exploit the finding. The overall market structure is based on a free-market basis and is heavily dependant on the service sector, yet there is lack of investment from government and private sector, while at the same time the high cost of freight had been scaring business away, and all this had been worsened by the lack of skilled labor.   In spite of this handicap, the GDP growth rate had made it to 11.4 in 2004 and yet it is lagging behind in attracting FDI.   Even if there is a political problem between the north and south, this particular nation might be among the nations that would join the EU in 2008. [9] Malta is also another island with a population of 404,000, which had transformed itself into a freight transshipment and a financial center as well as a tourist destination.   In addition, it has some limestone and a better productive labor force than Cyprus where the economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism.   Its per capita income is much higher than most countries at $20,300 and the unemployment rate for 2006 was at 6.8%.   The island has liberalized its market and privatized some government-controlled firms and the possibility that it might join the euro zone is there. [9] The other nations Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, are much bigger nations and there is Slovakia also that are slated to join the euro gradually after meeting the criteria, which might prove to be difficult to them because of their size.   If we take the case of the Czech Republic, it has a population of 10.2 million and a per capita income of $11,110 making it among the highest income earning countries.   After joining the EU in 2004 the process of transforming the economy from centrally planned to a market driven economy is almost complete.   There had been a considerable fiscal consolidation, and the inflation is low at 1.8%, while at the same time it had no problem with its balance of payments. Foreign direct investment is 50% of the GDP making it the only nation that enjoys such inflows of investment, yet, in spite of it, it had a high unemployment rate of more than 8% and is persisting, which might have been because of its high population that is not affected much by the migration of labor. The GDP growth for 2005 was 6%, attained mainly through export created through FDI in the automotive sector.   The fiscal deficit for 2005 was at 3% whereas the current account deficit fell to 2.3% for 2005.   Because of the high unemployment, which is the outcome of sluggish economic performance it might have to stay a bit longer before joining the euro, although the expectation is it will meet the requirement eventually. [10] More or less, the same is applicable to the other three countries Hungary, Poland, Slovakia whose population is 10 million, 38 million, 5.4 million respectively, making Poland the highest populated country among the EU-10 countries.   While Hungry had $10,050 per capita income, Poland had $7,110, and Slovakia had $8,130 in 2005.   Poland had to deal with structural reforms to consolidate public finance, tackle unemployment and poverty, work on making the nation attractive for business by introducing a more efficient government. The fact that up to seven million people live in poverty does not make it look as a good candidate for the euro yet and the unemployment rate is the highest at 16%.   However, the situation is a bit changing after joining the EU in 2004 and there was a growth of 5.3% in GDP in 2004, which created high consumption level, investment opportunity, and a better exporting level, and eventually it will make it a proper candidate to join the euro as it is working to meet that goal.   Its FDI is at 5% of GDP and that is low for such a large country although its inflation rate is low at 2.1% and its current account defect is also under control. [6] On the other hand, Hungary is in a much better position since it was able to attract FDI that is enabling it to build a robust private exporting sector.   If there is a problem, the budget deficit is at 8% due to higher public spending and tax reduction, which could affect the economy in the long run.   Inflation had slowed down to 3.5% for 2005 which was due to regulated prices and a decrease on indirect taxes. The unemployment rate stood at 7.2% in 2006.   Even if the government had introduced a fiscal consolidation program what might be needed to change the situation is a long term structural reform.   Hungary is moving steadily to join the euro gradually, and is better situated than the rest of the countries that are in line to join the euro in the coming years. [6] Slovakia is also in a similar situation with the others where it had a 6% GDP growth in 2005 and had unemployment rate of 16.2%.   In recent years, especially after joining the EU in 2004 it had undertaken major steps to decentralize its economy.   The government had introduced reform in many areas including welfare, pension, health care, labor market, and public finance.   Its GDP for 2005 grew by around 6% and inflation was at 2.7%. The fiscal deficit was at 3.3% while the current account deficit had been 7.8% of GDP for 2005 and it had FDI rate 2.7% of GDP.   Overall, it is working toward meeting the EU’s criteria to join the euro although it is difficult to say when it will meet all the requirements. [6] The conclusion is, there are requirements these nations will have to meet and the major ones are to tackle high level of inflation, a budget deficit below 3% of GDP, the public debt has to be at a manageable level, and maintaining a long term low interest rate in parallel to other central banks. If these are in place side by the side with the Maastricht and the Copenhagen Treaty criteria the time it will take them to join the euro will be shorter. Otherwise, their participation could affect the smooth operation of the whole Union, as well as it will put them at a disadvantage offsetting their whole fiscal and monetary policy. [11] REFERENCE The Union Welcomes Ten New Countries [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.delnam.cec.eu.int/OurNewsletter/2004/ECNewsMay04.pdf.   March 14, 2007. European Parliament Fact Sheet. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚   www.europal.europa.eu/facts/2_3_0_en.htm.   March 14, 2007. The Challenge of European Economy in 2004. [Online]. 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